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302 Exercise 2-14: Additional Liaison Practice
303 Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
305 Chapter 3. Cat? Caught? Cut?
306 Exercise 3-1 : Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
308 Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation
309 Exercise 3-4: Reading the [a] Sound The Tan Man
310 Exercise 3-5: Reading the [o] Sound
A Lot of Long, Hot Walks in the Garden
311 Exercise 3-6: Reading the [u] Sound
What Must the Sun Above Wonder About?
312 Chapter 4. The American T
313 Exercise 4-1 ; Stressed and Unstressed T
314 Exercise 4-2: Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
315 Exercise 4-3: Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
316 Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
317 Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
318 Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
319 Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T
321 Exercise 4-9: Karina's T Connections
322 Exercise 4-10: Combinations in Context
323 Exercise 4-11 : Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
325 Chapter 5. The El
326 Exercise 5-1 : Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
T/D Plosive
327 Exercise 5-2; Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
What Are All Those Extra Sounds I'm Hearing?
328 Exercise 5-3: Final El with Schwa
329 Exercise 5-4: Many Final Els
330 Exercise 5-5: Liaise the Ls
332 Exercise 5-7: Silent Ls
333 Exercise 5-8: Hold Your Tongue!
334 Exercise 5-9: Little Lola
336 Exercise 5-11 : Final L Practice
337 Exercise 5-12: Thirty Little Turtles In a Bottle of Bottled Water
338 Exercise 5-13: Speed-reading
339 Exercise 5-14: Tandem Reading
340 Voice Quality
341 Exercise 5-15: Shifting Your Voice Position
342 Chapter 6. The American R
343 Exercise 6-1: R Location Practice
344 Exercise 6-2 : Double Vowel with R
345 Exercise 6-3: How to Pronounce Troublesome Rs
346 Exercise 6-4: Zbigniew's Epsilon List
347 Exercise 6-5: R Combinations
348 Exercise 6-6; The Mirror Store
351 Review Exercise 1 : To have a friend, be a friend.
352 Review Exercise 2: To have a friend, be a friend.
353 Review Exercise 3: Get a Better Water Heater!
355 Review Exercise 5: Varying Emotions
356 Review Exercise 6: Realty? Maybe!
357 Review Exercise 7: Who Did It? I Don't Know!
358 Review Exercise 8: Russian Rebellion
359 Review Exercise A: Contrasting Descriptive and Set Phrases
360 Review Exercise B: Intonation Review Test
361 Review Exercise C: Modifying Descriptive Phrases
362 Review Exercise D; Modifying Set Phrases
363 Review Exercise E: Two- and Three-Word Set Phrases
364 Review Exercise F: Three-Word Phrase Summary
302 Exercise 2-14: Additional Liaison Practice
Exercise 2-14: Additional Liaison Practice CD 3 Track 2 录音下载
T Use these techniques on texts of your own and in conversation.
(1) Take some written material and mark the intonation, then the word groups, and finally the liaisons.
(2) Practice saying it out loud.
(3) Record yourself and listen back.
V In conversation, think which word you want to make stand out, and change your pitch on that word. Then, run the in-between words together in the valleys. Listen carefully to how Americans do it and copy the sound.
上一篇：Finding Liaisons and Glides
下一篇：Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
T Use these techniques on texts of your own and in conversation.
(1) Take some written material and mark the intonation, then the word groups, and finally the liaisons.
(2) Practice saying it out loud.
(3) Record yourself and listen back.
V In conversation, think which word you want to make stand out, and change your pitch on that word. Then, run the in-between words together in the valleys. Listen carefully to how Americans do it and copy the sound.
上一篇：Finding Liaisons and Glides
下一篇：Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
303 Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
Exercise 2-15: Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons CD 3 Track 3 录音下载
In order for you to recognize these sounds when used by native speakers, they are presented here, but I don't recommend that you go out of your way to use them yourself. If, at some point, they come quite naturally of their own accord in casual conversation, you don't need to resist, but please don't force yourself to talk this way. Repeat.
I have got to go. ............I've gotta go.
I have got a book. .........I've gotta book.
Do you want to dance? ..Wanna dance?
Do you want a banana? ..Wanna banana?
Let me in. .........................Lemme in.
Let me go. ........................Lemme go.
I'll let you know. .............I'll letcha know.
Did you do it? ..................Dija do it?
Not yet. ............................N chet.
I'll meet you later. ..........I'll meechu layder.
What do you think? ..........Whaddyu think?
What did you do with it? .....Whajoo do with it?
How did you like it? ...........Howja like it?
When did you get it?........ When ju geddit?
Why did you take it? .........Whyju tay kit?
Why don't you try it? .........Why don chu try it?
What are you waiting for?. Whaddya waitin' for?
What are you doing?........... Whatcha doin'?
How is it going? ...................Howzit going?
Where's the what-you-may-call-it? ..Where's the whatchamacallit?
Where's what-is-his-name? ...Where's whatsizname?
How about it? .......................How 'bout it?
He has got to hurry because he is late. .....He's gotta hurry 'cuz he's late.
I could've been a contender. ......I coulda bina contender.
Could you speed it up, please? .....Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez?
Would you mind if I tried it? ........Would joo mindifai try dit?
Aren't you Bob Barker? ..............Arnchoo Bab Barker?
Can't you see it my way for a change? Knchoo see it my way for a change?
Don't you get it? ..........................Doancha geddit?
I should have told you.............. I shoulda toljoo.
Tell her (that) I miss her. ........Teller I misser.
Tell him (that) I miss him. .......Tellim I missim.
Did you eat?................................ Jeet?
No, did you? ...............................No, joo?
Why don't you get a job? ..........Whyncha getta job?
I don't know, it's too hard......... I dunno, stoo hrd.
Could we go?.............................. Kwee gou?
Let's go! ......................................Sko!
上一篇：Additional Liaison Practice 下一篇：Cat? Caught? Cut?
In order for you to recognize these sounds when used by native speakers, they are presented here, but I don't recommend that you go out of your way to use them yourself. If, at some point, they come quite naturally of their own accord in casual conversation, you don't need to resist, but please don't force yourself to talk this way. Repeat.
I have got to go. ............I've gotta go.
I have got a book. .........I've gotta book.
Do you want to dance? ..Wanna dance?
Do you want a banana? ..Wanna banana?
Let me in. .........................Lemme in.
Let me go. ........................Lemme go.
I'll let you know. .............I'll letcha know.
Did you do it? ..................Dija do it?
Not yet. ............................N chet.
I'll meet you later. ..........I'll meechu layder.
What do you think? ..........Whaddyu think?
What did you do with it? .....Whajoo do with it?
How did you like it? ...........Howja like it?
When did you get it?........ When ju geddit?
Why did you take it? .........Whyju tay kit?
Why don't you try it? .........Why don chu try it?
What are you waiting for?. Whaddya waitin' for?
What are you doing?........... Whatcha doin'?
How is it going? ...................Howzit going?
Where's the what-you-may-call-it? ..Where's the whatchamacallit?
Where's what-is-his-name? ...Where's whatsizname?
How about it? .......................How 'bout it?
He has got to hurry because he is late. .....He's gotta hurry 'cuz he's late.
I could've been a contender. ......I coulda bina contender.
Could you speed it up, please? .....Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez?
Would you mind if I tried it? ........Would joo mindifai try dit?
Aren't you Bob Barker? ..............Arnchoo Bab Barker?
Can't you see it my way for a change? Knchoo see it my way for a change?
Don't you get it? ..........................Doancha geddit?
I should have told you.............. I shoulda toljoo.
Tell her (that) I miss her. ........Teller I misser.
Tell him (that) I miss him. .......Tellim I missim.
Did you eat?................................ Jeet?
No, did you? ...............................No, joo?
Why don't you get a job? ..........Whyncha getta job?
I don't know, it's too hard......... I dunno, stoo hrd.
Could we go?.............................. Kwee gou?
Let's go! ......................................Sko!
上一篇：Additional Liaison Practice 下一篇：Cat? Caught? Cut?
305 Chapter 3. Cat? Caught? Cut?
Chapter 3. Cat? Caught? Cut? CD 3 Track 5 录音下载
After laying our foundation with intonation and liaisons, here we finally begin to refine your pronunciation! We are now going to work on the differences between [], [], and [], as well as [ō], [ā], and [ē]. Let's start out with the [] sound.
The [] Sound Although not a common sound, [] is very distinctive to the ear and is typically American. In the practice paragraph in Exercise 3-2 this sound occurs five times. As its phonetic symbol indicates, [] is a combination of [] + [ε]. To pronounce it, drop your jaw down as if you were going to say []; then from that position, try to say [ε]. The final sound is not two separate vowels, but rather the end result of the combination. It is very close to the sound that a goat makes: ma-a-a- a! Y Try it a few times now: [] f [] If you find yourself getting too nasal with [], pinch your nose as you say it. If [kt] turns into [kεt], you need to pull the sound out of your nose and down into your throat.
Note As you look for the [] sound you might think that words like down or sound have an [] in them. For this diphthong, try [] + oh, or [o]. This way, down would be written [don]. Because it is a combined sound, however, it's not included in the Cat? category. (See Pronunciation Point 4 on page ix).
The [] Sound The [] sound occurs a little more frequently; you will find ten such sounds in the exercise. To pronounce [], relax your tongue and drop your jaw as far down as it will go. As a matter of fact, put your hand under your chin and say [m], [p], [t], [s]. Your hand should be pushed down by your jaw as it opens. Remember, it's the sound that you make when the doctor wants to see your throat, so open it up and drp your jaw.
The Schwa [] Sound Last is the schwa [], the most common sound in American English. When you work on Exercise 3-2, depending on how fast you speak, how smoothly you make liaisons, how strong your intonation is, and how much you relax your sounds, you will find from 50 to 75 schwas. Spelling doesn't help identify it, because it can appear as any one of the vowels, or a combination of them. It is a neutral vowel sound, uh. It is usually in an unstressed syllable, though it can be stressed as well. Whenever you find a vowel that can be crossed out and its absence wouldn't change the pronunciation of the word, you have probably found a schwa: photography [ph'togr'phy] (the two apostrophes show the location of the neutral vowel sounds).
Because it is so common, however, the wrong pronunciation of this one little sound can leave your speech strongly accented, even if you Americanized everything else.
上一篇：Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
下一篇：Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
After laying our foundation with intonation and liaisons, here we finally begin to refine your pronunciation! We are now going to work on the differences between [], [], and [], as well as [ō], [ā], and [ē]. Let's start out with the [] sound.
The [] Sound Although not a common sound, [] is very distinctive to the ear and is typically American. In the practice paragraph in Exercise 3-2 this sound occurs five times. As its phonetic symbol indicates, [] is a combination of [] + [ε]. To pronounce it, drop your jaw down as if you were going to say []; then from that position, try to say [ε]. The final sound is not two separate vowels, but rather the end result of the combination. It is very close to the sound that a goat makes: ma-a-a- a! Y Try it a few times now: [] f [] If you find yourself getting too nasal with [], pinch your nose as you say it. If [kt] turns into [kεt], you need to pull the sound out of your nose and down into your throat.
Note As you look for the [] sound you might think that words like down or sound have an [] in them. For this diphthong, try [] + oh, or [o]. This way, down would be written [don]. Because it is a combined sound, however, it's not included in the Cat? category. (See Pronunciation Point 4 on page ix).
The [] Sound The [] sound occurs a little more frequently; you will find ten such sounds in the exercise. To pronounce [], relax your tongue and drop your jaw as far down as it will go. As a matter of fact, put your hand under your chin and say [m], [p], [t], [s]. Your hand should be pushed down by your jaw as it opens. Remember, it's the sound that you make when the doctor wants to see your throat, so open it up and drp your jaw.
The Schwa [] Sound Last is the schwa [], the most common sound in American English. When you work on Exercise 3-2, depending on how fast you speak, how smoothly you make liaisons, how strong your intonation is, and how much you relax your sounds, you will find from 50 to 75 schwas. Spelling doesn't help identify it, because it can appear as any one of the vowels, or a combination of them. It is a neutral vowel sound, uh. It is usually in an unstressed syllable, though it can be stressed as well. Whenever you find a vowel that can be crossed out and its absence wouldn't change the pronunciation of the word, you have probably found a schwa: photography [ph'togr'phy] (the two apostrophes show the location of the neutral vowel sounds).
Because it is so common, however, the wrong pronunciation of this one little sound can leave your speech strongly accented, even if you Americanized everything else.
上一篇：Colloquial Reductions and Liaisons
下一篇：Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
306 Exercise 3-1 : Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
Exercise 3-1 : Word-by-Word and in a Sentence CD 3 Track 6 录音下载
Stressed ...............Unstressed
that .......... tht th't tht ....... He said th't it's OK.
than ........ thn th'n thn ..... It's bigger th'n before
as .......... z 'z z ......... 'z soon 'z he gets here...
at .......... t 't t ....... Look ' t the time!
and ....... nd 'n n ....... ham 'n eggs
have ....... hv h'v hv ....... Where h'v you been?
had ........ hd h'd hd ......... He h'd been at home.
can ........ cn c'n cn ....... C'n you do it?
上一篇：Cat? Caught? Cut?
下一篇：Vowel-Sound Differentiation
Stressed ...............Unstressed
that .......... tht th't tht ....... He said th't it's OK.
than ........ thn th'n thn ..... It's bigger th'n before
as .......... z 'z z ......... 'z soon 'z he gets here...
at .......... t 't t ....... Look ' t the time!
and ....... nd 'n n ....... ham 'n eggs
have ....... hv h'v hv ....... Where h'v you been?
had ........ hd h'd hd ......... He h'd been at home.
can ........ cn c'n cn ....... C'n you do it?
上一篇：Cat? Caught? Cut?
下一篇：Vowel-Sound Differentiation
308 Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation
Exercise 3-3: Vowel-Sound Differentiation CD 3 Track 8 录音下载
Here we will read down from 1 to 24, then we will read each row across. Give the [ā] sound a clear double sound [ε + ee]. Also, the [o] is a longer sound than you might be expecting. Add the full ooh sound after each "o."
.........................................ou .........a ...........ε
1. Ann ...on ...............un~ ....own .......ain't .....end
2. ban ...bond ...........bun .....bone..... bane ....Ben
3. can ...con ...............come ..cone .....cane .....Ken
4. cat ....caught/cot ..cut ......coat .......Kate ...ketch
5. Dan... Don/dawn ..done ...don't .....Dane ...den
6. fan ...fawn .............fun .....phone ....feign ....fend
7. gap ..gone ..............gun ....goat....... gain .....again
8. hat ...hot ...............hut ......hotel..... hate ....het up
9. Jan ...John ............jump.. Joan .....Jane ....Jenny
10. lamp lawn......... lump.... loan...... lane ......Len
11. man monster ......Monday moan ..main... men
12. matter motto .....mutter motor ...made ...her met her
13. Nan ..non~ ......none/nun .known .name ..nemesis
14. gnat .not/knot ...nut .........note .....Nate ...net
15. pan ..pawn......... pun ........pony .....pain/pane .pen
16. ran ..Ron ...........run .........roan ....rain/reign ...wren
17. sand sawn .........sun ......sewn/sown ..sane .....send
18. shall Sean ..........shut ......show..... Shane ........Shen
19. chance chalk .....chuck ....choke..... change..... check
20. tack talk ...........tuck .......token...... take ........tech
21. van Von ............vug ........vogue ......vague .......vent
22. wax want ..........won/one. won't .....wane .......when
23. yam yawn .........young ......yo! ........yea!......... yen
24. zap czar ............result ......zone .........zany .......zen
上一篇：Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
下一篇：Reading the /a/ Sound
Here we will read down from 1 to 24, then we will read each row across. Give the [ā] sound a clear double sound [ε + ee]. Also, the [o] is a longer sound than you might be expecting. Add the full ooh sound after each "o."
.........................................ou .........a ...........ε
1. Ann ...on ...............un~ ....own .......ain't .....end
2. ban ...bond ...........bun .....bone..... bane ....Ben
3. can ...con ...............come ..cone .....cane .....Ken
4. cat ....caught/cot ..cut ......coat .......Kate ...ketch
5. Dan... Don/dawn ..done ...don't .....Dane ...den
6. fan ...fawn .............fun .....phone ....feign ....fend
7. gap ..gone ..............gun ....goat....... gain .....again
8. hat ...hot ...............hut ......hotel..... hate ....het up
9. Jan ...John ............jump.. Joan .....Jane ....Jenny
10. lamp lawn......... lump.... loan...... lane ......Len
11. man monster ......Monday moan ..main... men
12. matter motto .....mutter motor ...made ...her met her
13. Nan ..non~ ......none/nun .known .name ..nemesis
14. gnat .not/knot ...nut .........note .....Nate ...net
15. pan ..pawn......... pun ........pony .....pain/pane .pen
16. ran ..Ron ...........run .........roan ....rain/reign ...wren
17. sand sawn .........sun ......sewn/sown ..sane .....send
18. shall Sean ..........shut ......show..... Shane ........Shen
19. chance chalk .....chuck ....choke..... change..... check
20. tack talk ...........tuck .......token...... take ........tech
21. van Von ............vug ........vogue ......vague .......vent
22. wax want ..........won/one. won't .....wane .......when
23. yam yawn .........young ......yo! ........yea!......... yen
24. zap czar ............result ......zone .........zany .......zen
上一篇：Word-by-Word and in a Sentence
下一篇：Reading the /a/ Sound
309 Exercise 3-4: Reading the /a/ Sound
Exercise 3-4: Reading the /a/ Sound CD 3 Track 9 录音下载
The Tan Man A fashionably tan man sat casually at the bat stand, lashing a handful of practice bats. The manager, a crabby old bag of bones, passed by and laughed, "You're about average, Jack. Can't you lash faster than that?" Jack had had enough, so he clambered to his feet and lashed bats faster than any man had ever lashed bats. As a matter of fact, he lashed bats so fast that he seemed to dance. The manager was aghast. "Jack, you're a master bat lasher!" he gasped. Satisfied at last, Jack sat back and never lashed another bat.
X Pause the CD and read The Tan Man aloud. Turn it back on to continue.
上一篇：Vowel-Sound Differentiation
下一篇：Reading the [o] Sound
The Tan Man A fashionably tan man sat casually at the bat stand, lashing a handful of practice bats. The manager, a crabby old bag of bones, passed by and laughed, "You're about average, Jack. Can't you lash faster than that?" Jack had had enough, so he clambered to his feet and lashed bats faster than any man had ever lashed bats. As a matter of fact, he lashed bats so fast that he seemed to dance. The manager was aghast. "Jack, you're a master bat lasher!" he gasped. Satisfied at last, Jack sat back and never lashed another bat.
X Pause the CD and read The Tan Man aloud. Turn it back on to continue.
上一篇：Vowel-Sound Differentiation
下一篇：Reading the [o] Sound
310 Exercise 3-5: Reading the [o] Sound
Exercise 3-5: Reading the [o] Sound CD3 track 10 录音下载
A Lot of Long, Hot Walks in the Garden
John was not sorry when the boss called off the walks in the garden. Obviously, to him, it was awfully hot, and the walks were far too long. He had not thought that walking would have caught on the way it did, and he fought the policy from the onset. At first, he thought he could talk
it over at the law office and have it quashed, but a small obstacle* halted that thought. The top lawyers always bought coffee at the shop across the lawn and they didn't want to stop on John's account. John's problem was not office politics, but office policy. He resolved the problem by bombing the garden.
* lobster a small lobster lobstacle a small obstacle * Pause the CD and read A Lt of Lng, Ht Wlks in the Grden aloud.
上一篇：Reading the /a/ Sound
下一篇：Reading the er Sound
A Lot of Long, Hot Walks in the Garden
John was not sorry when the boss called off the walks in the garden. Obviously, to him, it was awfully hot, and the walks were far too long. He had not thought that walking would have caught on the way it did, and he fought the policy from the onset. At first, he thought he could talk
it over at the law office and have it quashed, but a small obstacle* halted that thought. The top lawyers always bought coffee at the shop across the lawn and they didn't want to stop on John's account. John's problem was not office politics, but office policy. He resolved the problem by bombing the garden.
* lobster a small lobster lobstacle a small obstacle * Pause the CD and read A Lt of Lng, Ht Wlks in the Grden aloud.
上一篇：Reading the /a/ Sound
下一篇：Reading the er Sound
311 Exercise 3-6: Reading the er Sound
Exercise 3-6: Reading the er Sound CD 3 Track 11 录音下载
When you read the following schwa paragraph, try clenching your teeth the first time. It won't sound completely natural, but it will get rid of all of the excess lip and jaw movement and force your tongue to work harder than usual. Remember that in speaking American English we don't move our lips much, and we talk though our teeth from far back in our throats. I'm going to read with my teeth clenched together and you follow along, holding your teeth together.
What Must the Sun Above Wonder About? Some pundits proposed that the sun wonders unnecessarily about sundry and assorted co- nundrums. One cannot but speculate what can come of their proposal. It wasn't enough to trouble us,* but it was done so underhandedly that hundreds of sun lovers rushed to the defense of their beloved sun. None of this was relevant on Monday, however, when the sun burned up the entire country.
* Pause the CD and read What Must the Sun Above Wonder About? twice. Try it once with your teeth clenched the first time and normally the second time.
上一篇：Reading the [o] Sound 下一篇：The American T
When you read the following schwa paragraph, try clenching your teeth the first time. It won't sound completely natural, but it will get rid of all of the excess lip and jaw movement and force your tongue to work harder than usual. Remember that in speaking American English we don't move our lips much, and we talk though our teeth from far back in our throats. I'm going to read with my teeth clenched together and you follow along, holding your teeth together.
What Must the Sun Above Wonder About? Some pundits proposed that the sun wonders unnecessarily about sundry and assorted co- nundrums. One cannot but speculate what can come of their proposal. It wasn't enough to trouble us,* but it was done so underhandedly that hundreds of sun lovers rushed to the defense of their beloved sun. None of this was relevant on Monday, however, when the sun burned up the entire country.
* Pause the CD and read What Must the Sun Above Wonder About? twice. Try it once with your teeth clenched the first time and normally the second time.
上一篇：Reading the [o] Sound 下一篇：The American T
312 Chapter 4. The American T
Chapter 4. The American T CD 3 Track 12 录音下载
The American T is influenced very strongly by intonation and its position in a word or phrase.
At the top of a staircase T is pronounced T as in Ted or Italian; a T in the middle of a
staircase is pronounced as D [Beddy] [Idaly] ; whereas a T at the bottom of a staircase isn't pronounced at all [ho(t)]. Look at Italian and Italy in the examples below. The [tl] of Italian is at the top of the staircase and is strong: Italian. The [d] of Italy is in the middle and is weak: Italy.
Exercise 4-1 ： Stressed and Unstressed T CD 3 Track 13 录音下载
Repeat after me.
Italian Italy attack attic atomic atom photography photograph
上一篇：Reading the er Sound
下一篇：Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
The American T is influenced very strongly by intonation and its position in a word or phrase.
At the top of a staircase T is pronounced T as in Ted or Italian; a T in the middle of a
staircase is pronounced as D [Beddy] [Idaly] ; whereas a T at the bottom of a staircase isn't pronounced at all [ho(t)]. Look at Italian and Italy in the examples below. The [tl] of Italian is at the top of the staircase and is strong: Italian. The [d] of Italy is in the middle and is weak: Italy.
Exercise 4-1 ： Stressed and Unstressed T CD 3 Track 13 录音下载
Repeat after me.
Italian Italy attack attic atomic atom photography photograph
上一篇：Reading the er Sound
下一篇：Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
314 Exercise 4-2: Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Exercise 4-2: Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter CD 3 Track 14 录音下载
In the sentence Betty bought a bit of better butter, all of the Ts are in weak positions, so they all sound like soft Ds. Repeat the sentence slowly, word by word: [Beddy ... bad... bid... bedder ... budder]. Feel the tip of your tongue flick across that area behind your top teeth. Think of the music of a cello again when you say, Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Betty bought a bit of better butter,
But, said she,
This butter's bitter.
If I put it in my batter,
It'll make my batter bitter.
上一篇：The American T
下一篇： Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
In the sentence Betty bought a bit of better butter, all of the Ts are in weak positions, so they all sound like soft Ds. Repeat the sentence slowly, word by word: [Beddy ... bad... bid... bedder ... budder]. Feel the tip of your tongue flick across that area behind your top teeth. Think of the music of a cello again when you say, Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter
Betty bought a bit of better butter,
But, said she,
This butter's bitter.
If I put it in my batter,
It'll make my batter bitter.
上一篇：The American T
下一篇： Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
315 Exercise 4-3: Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
Exercise 4-3: Rute 1—Top of the Staircase CD 3 Track 15 录音下载
When a T is at the top of a staircase, in a stressed position, it should be a clear popped
sound.
1. In the beginning of a word, T is [t].
Ted took ten tomatoes.
2. With a stressed T and ST, TS, TR, CT, LT, and sometimes NT combinations, T is [t].
He was content with the contract.
3. T replaces D in the past tense, after an unvoiced consonant sound — f, k, p, s, ch, sh, th
—
(except T).
T: laughed [lft], picked [pikt], hoped [houpt], raced [rast], watched [wcht], washed [wsht],
unearthed [uneartht]
D: halved [hvd], rigged [rigd], nabbed [nbd], raised [razd], judged [j'jd], garaged [garazhd],
smoothed [smoothd]
Exceptions: wicked [wikd], naked [nakd], crooked [krükd], etc.
Exercise 4-3： Rule 1—Top of the Staircase continued CD 3Track 15
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined (stressed) Ts are sharp
and clear.
1. It took Tim ten times to try the telephone.
2. Stop touching Ted's toes.
3. Turn toward Stella and study her contract together.
4. Control your tears.
5. It's Tommy's turn to tell the teacher the truth.
上一篇：Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter 下一篇：Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
When a T is at the top of a staircase, in a stressed position, it should be a clear popped
sound.
1. In the beginning of a word, T is [t].
Ted took ten tomatoes.
2. With a stressed T and ST, TS, TR, CT, LT, and sometimes NT combinations, T is [t].
He was content with the contract.
3. T replaces D in the past tense, after an unvoiced consonant sound — f, k, p, s, ch, sh, th
—
(except T).
T: laughed [lft], picked [pikt], hoped [houpt], raced [rast], watched [wcht], washed [wsht],
unearthed [uneartht]
D: halved [hvd], rigged [rigd], nabbed [nbd], raised [razd], judged [j'jd], garaged [garazhd],
smoothed [smoothd]
Exceptions: wicked [wikd], naked [nakd], crooked [krükd], etc.
Exercise 4-3： Rule 1—Top of the Staircase continued CD 3Track 15
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined (stressed) Ts are sharp
and clear.
1. It took Tim ten times to try the telephone.
2. Stop touching Ted's toes.
3. Turn toward Stella and study her contract together.
4. Control your tears.
5. It's Tommy's turn to tell the teacher the truth.
上一篇：Betty Bought a Bit of Better Butter 下一篇：Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
316 Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
Exercise 4-4: Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase CD 3 Track 16 录音下载
An unstressed T in the middle of a staircase between two vowel sounds should be pronounced as a soft D.
Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Pat ought to sit on a lap.
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined (unstressed) Ts sound
like a soft D.
1. What a good idea.
2. Put it in a bottle.
3. Write it in a letter.
4. Set it on the metal gutter.
5. Put all the data in the computer.
6. Insert a quarter in the meter.
7. Get a better water heater.
8. Let her put a sweater on.
9. Betty's at a meeting.
10. It's getting hotter and hotter.
11. Patty ought to write a better letter.
12. Freida had a little metal bottle.
上一篇：Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
An unstressed T in the middle of a staircase between two vowel sounds should be pronounced as a soft D.
Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Pat ought to sit on a lap.
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined (unstressed) Ts sound
like a soft D.
1. What a good idea.
2. Put it in a bottle.
3. Write it in a letter.
4. Set it on the metal gutter.
5. Put all the data in the computer.
6. Insert a quarter in the meter.
7. Get a better water heater.
8. Let her put a sweater on.
9. Betty's at a meeting.
10. It's getting hotter and hotter.
11. Patty ought to write a better letter.
12. Freida had a little metal bottle.
上一篇：Rute 1—Top of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
317 Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
Exercise 4-5: Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase CD3 Track 17 录音下载
T at the bottom of a staircase is in the held position. By held, I mean that the tongue is in
the T position, but the air isn't released. To compare, when you say T as in Tom, there 's a sharp burst of air over the tip of the tongue, and when you say Betty, there 's a soft puff of air over the tip of the tongue. When you hold a T, as in hot, your tongue is in the position for T, but you keep the air in.
1. She hit the hot hut with her hat.
2. We went to that 'Net site to get what we needed.
3. Pat was quite right, wasn't she?
4. What? Put my hat back!
5. hot, late, fat, goat, hit, put, not, hurt, what, set, paint, wait, sit, dirt, note, fit,
lot, light, suit, point, incident, tight
上一篇：Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
T at the bottom of a staircase is in the held position. By held, I mean that the tongue is in
the T position, but the air isn't released. To compare, when you say T as in Tom, there 's a sharp burst of air over the tip of the tongue, and when you say Betty, there 's a soft puff of air over the tip of the tongue. When you hold a T, as in hot, your tongue is in the position for T, but you keep the air in.
1. She hit the hot hut with her hat.
2. We went to that 'Net site to get what we needed.
3. Pat was quite right, wasn't she?
4. What? Put my hat back!
5. hot, late, fat, goat, hit, put, not, hurt, what, set, paint, wait, sit, dirt, note, fit,
lot, light, suit, point, incident, tight
上一篇：Rule 2—Middle of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
318 Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T"
Exercise 4-6: Rule 4—"Held T" Before N CD 3 Track 18 录音下载
The "held T" is, strictly speaking, not really a T at all.
1. He's forgotten the carton of satin mittens.
2. She's certain that he has written it.
3. The cotton curtain is not in the fountain.
4. The hikers went in the mountains.
5. Martin has gotten a kitten.
6. Students study Latin in Britain.
7. Whitney has a patent on those sentences.
8. He has not forgotten what was written about the mutant on the mountain.
9. It's not certain that it was gotten from the fountain.
10. You need to put an orange cotton curtain on that window.
11. We like that certain satin better than the carton of cotton curtains.
12. The intercontinental hotel is in Seattle.
13. The frightened witness had forgotten the important written message.
14. The child wasn't beaten because he had bitten the button.
上一篇：Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 5—The Silent T
The "held T" is, strictly speaking, not really a T at all.
1. He's forgotten the carton of satin mittens.
2. She's certain that he has written it.
3. The cotton curtain is not in the fountain.
4. The hikers went in the mountains.
5. Martin has gotten a kitten.
6. Students study Latin in Britain.
7. Whitney has a patent on those sentences.
8. He has not forgotten what was written about the mutant on the mountain.
9. It's not certain that it was gotten from the fountain.
10. You need to put an orange cotton curtain on that window.
11. We like that certain satin better than the carton of cotton curtains.
12. The intercontinental hotel is in Seattle.
13. The frightened witness had forgotten the important written message.
14. The child wasn't beaten because he had bitten the button.
上一篇：Rule 3—Bottom of the Staircase
下一篇：Rule 5—The Silent T
319 Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T
Exercise 4-7: Rule 5—The Silent T CD 3 Track 19 录音下载
[t] and [n] are so close in the mouth that the [t] can simply disappear. Repeat.
1. interview
2. interface
3. Internet
4. interstate
5. interrupt
6. interfere
7. interactive
8. international
9. advantage
10. percentage
11. twenty
12. printout
13. printer
14. winter
15. enter
Exercise 4-8: Rule 5—The Silent T CD 3 Track 20 录音下载
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined Ts are silent.
1. He had a great interview.
2. Try to enter the information.
3. Turn the printer on.
4. Finish the printing.
5. She's at the international center.
6. It's twenty degrees in Toronto.
7. I don't understand it.
8. She invented it in Santa Monica.
9. He can't even do it.
10. They don't even want it.
11. They won't ever try.
12. What's the point of it?
13. She's the intercontinental representative.
14. Hasn't he?
15. Isn't he?
16. Aren't I?
17. Won't he?
18. Doesn't he?
19. Wouldn't it?
20. Didn't I?
上一篇：Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
下一篇： Karina's T Connections
[t] and [n] are so close in the mouth that the [t] can simply disappear. Repeat.
1. interview
2. interface
3. Internet
4. interstate
5. interrupt
6. interfere
7. interactive
8. international
9. advantage
10. percentage
11. twenty
12. printout
13. printer
14. winter
15. enter
Exercise 4-8: Rule 5—The Silent T CD 3 Track 20 录音下载
Read the following sentences out loud. Make sure that the underlined Ts are silent.
1. He had a great interview.
2. Try to enter the information.
3. Turn the printer on.
4. Finish the printing.
5. She's at the international center.
6. It's twenty degrees in Toronto.
7. I don't understand it.
8. She invented it in Santa Monica.
9. He can't even do it.
10. They don't even want it.
11. They won't ever try.
12. What's the point of it?
13. She's the intercontinental representative.
14. Hasn't he?
15. Isn't he?
16. Aren't I?
17. Won't he?
18. Doesn't he?
19. Wouldn't it?
20. Didn't I?
上一篇：Rule 4—"Held T" Before N
下一篇： Karina's T Connections
321 Exercise 4-9: Karina's T Connections
Exercise 4-9: Karina's T Connections CD 3 Track 21 录音下载
Here are some extremely common middle T combinations. Repeat after me:
What But That
Exercise 4-10: Combinations in Context CD 3 Track 22 录音下载
Repeat the following sentences.
1. I don't know what it means.
2. But it looks like what I need.
3. But you said that you wouldn't.
4. I know what you think.
5. But I don't think that he will.
6. He said that if we can do it, he'll help.
7. But isn't it easier this way?
8. We want something that isn't here.
9. You'll like it, but you'll regret it later.
10. But he's not right for what I want.
11. It's amazing what you've accomplished.
12. What if he forgets?
13. OK, but aren't you missing something?
14. I think that he's OK now.
15. She wanted to, but her car broke down.
16. We think that you're taking a chance.
17. They don't know what it's about.
上一篇：Rule 5—The Silent T
下一篇： Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Here are some extremely common middle T combinations. Repeat after me:
What But That
Exercise 4-10: Combinations in Context CD 3 Track 22 录音下载
Repeat the following sentences.
1. I don't know what it means.
2. But it looks like what I need.
3. But you said that you wouldn't.
4. I know what you think.
5. But I don't think that he will.
6. He said that if we can do it, he'll help.
7. But isn't it easier this way?
8. We want something that isn't here.
9. You'll like it, but you'll regret it later.
10. But he's not right for what I want.
11. It's amazing what you've accomplished.
12. What if he forgets?
13. OK, but aren't you missing something?
14. I think that he's OK now.
15. She wanted to, but her car broke down.
16. We think that you're taking a chance.
17. They don't know what it's about.
上一篇：Rule 5—The Silent T
下一篇： Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
323 Exercise 4-11 : Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
Exercise 4-11 : Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
CD 3 Track 23 录音下载
This exercise is for the practice of the difference between words that end in either a vowel or a
voiced consonant, which means that the vowel is lengthened or doubled. Therefore, these words are on a much larger, longer stairstep. Words that end in an unvoiced consonant are on a smaller, shorter stairstep. This occurs whether the vowel in question is tense or lax.
har .....hard ....heart .....car ....card...... cart
H .....................................C
ha! .....hod...... hot .........caw ...cod ......cot/caught
har ....hard ....heart ......car ......card .....cart
hall ....hailed ..halt .......call ......called
her ....heard ..hurt ......cur ......curd ......curt
hole ...hold ....holt .......coal .......cold...... colt
hoe ....hoed ..................co- ......code ......coat
上一篇：Karina's T Connections 下一篇： The El
CD 3 Track 23 录音下载
This exercise is for the practice of the difference between words that end in either a vowel or a
voiced consonant, which means that the vowel is lengthened or doubled. Therefore, these words are on a much larger, longer stairstep. Words that end in an unvoiced consonant are on a smaller, shorter stairstep. This occurs whether the vowel in question is tense or lax.
har .....hard ....heart .....car ....card...... cart
H .....................................C
ha! .....hod...... hot .........caw ...cod ......cot/caught
har ....hard ....heart ......car ......card .....cart
hall ....hailed ..halt .......call ......called
her ....heard ..hurt ......cur ......curd ......curt
hole ...hold ....holt .......coal .......cold...... colt
hoe ....hoed ..................co- ......code ......coat
上一篇：Karina's T Connections 下一篇： The El
325 Chapter 5. The El
Chapter 5. The El CD 3 Track 25 录音下载
This chapter discusses the sound of L (not to be confused with that of the American R, which is
covered in the next chapter). We'll approach this sound first, by touching on the difficulties it
presents to foreign speakers of English, and next by comparing L to the related sounds of T, D,
and N.
L Compared with T, D, and N
When you learn to pronounce the L correctly, you will feel its similarity with T, D, and N.
Actually, the tongue is positioned in the same place in the mouth for all four sounds— behind
the teeth. The difference is in how and where the air comes out. (See the drawings in Exercise 5- 1.)
T and D
The sound of both T and D is produced by allowing a puff of air to come out over the tip of the
tongue.
N
The sound of N is nasal. The tongue completely blocks all air from leaving through the mouth,
allowing it to come out only through the nose. You should be able to feel the edges of your
tongue touching your teeth when you say nnn.
L
With L, the tip of the tongue is securely touching the roof of the mouth behind the teeth, but the sides of the tongue are dropped down and tensed. This is where L is different from N. With N,
the tongue is relaxed and covers the entire area around the back of the teeth so that no air can
come out. With L, the tongue is very tense, and the air comes out around its sides. At the
beginning it's helpful to exaggerate the position of the tongue. Look at yourself in the mirror as you stick out the tip of your tongue between your front teeth. With your tongue in this position
say el several times. Then, try saying it with your tongue behind your teeth. This sounds
complicated, but it is easier to do than to describe. You can practice this again later with
Exercise 5-3. Our first exercise, however, must focus on differentiating the sounds.
上一篇：Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
下一篇：Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
This chapter discusses the sound of L (not to be confused with that of the American R, which is
covered in the next chapter). We'll approach this sound first, by touching on the difficulties it
presents to foreign speakers of English, and next by comparing L to the related sounds of T, D,
and N.
L Compared with T, D, and N
When you learn to pronounce the L correctly, you will feel its similarity with T, D, and N.
Actually, the tongue is positioned in the same place in the mouth for all four sounds— behind
the teeth. The difference is in how and where the air comes out. (See the drawings in Exercise 5- 1.)
T and D
The sound of both T and D is produced by allowing a puff of air to come out over the tip of the
tongue.
N
The sound of N is nasal. The tongue completely blocks all air from leaving through the mouth,
allowing it to come out only through the nose. You should be able to feel the edges of your
tongue touching your teeth when you say nnn.
L
With L, the tip of the tongue is securely touching the roof of the mouth behind the teeth, but the sides of the tongue are dropped down and tensed. This is where L is different from N. With N,
the tongue is relaxed and covers the entire area around the back of the teeth so that no air can
come out. With L, the tongue is very tense, and the air comes out around its sides. At the
beginning it's helpful to exaggerate the position of the tongue. Look at yourself in the mirror as you stick out the tip of your tongue between your front teeth. With your tongue in this position
say el several times. Then, try saying it with your tongue behind your teeth. This sounds
complicated, but it is easier to do than to describe. You can practice this again later with
Exercise 5-3. Our first exercise, however, must focus on differentiating the sounds.
上一篇：Voiced and Unvoiced Sounds with T
下一篇：Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
326 Exercise 5-1 : Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
Exercise 5-1 : Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N CD 3 Track 26 录音下载
For this exercise, concentrate on the different ways in which the air comes out of the mouth when producing each sound of L, T, D, and N. Look at the drawings included here, to see the correct position of the tongue. Instructions for reading the groups of words listed next are given after the words.
T/D Plosive
A puff of air comes out over the tip of the tongue. The tongue is somewhat tense.
N Nasal
Air comes out through the nose. The tongue is completely relaxed.
L Lateral
Air flows around the sides of the tongue. The tongue is very tense. The lips are not rounded!
上一篇： The El 下一篇： Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
For this exercise, concentrate on the different ways in which the air comes out of the mouth when producing each sound of L, T, D, and N. Look at the drawings included here, to see the correct position of the tongue. Instructions for reading the groups of words listed next are given after the words.
T/D Plosive
A puff of air comes out over the tip of the tongue. The tongue is somewhat tense.
N Nasal
Air comes out through the nose. The tongue is completely relaxed.
L Lateral
Air flows around the sides of the tongue. The tongue is very tense. The lips are not rounded!
上一篇： The El 下一篇： Sounds Comparing L with T, D, and N
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